The world of cells is surprisingly noisy. Each cell carries unique genetic information, but when we try to measure cellular ...

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Innovative technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) are transforming and modernizing the way data is generated, collected, and analyzed across different industries and fields of study. 1 ...

Data that have a multilevel structure occur frequently across a range of disciplines, including epidemiology, health services research, public health, education and sociology. We describe three ...